Abercrombie Fitch Essay Example

Abercrombie Fitch Essay Example Abercrombie Fitch Paper Abercrombie Fitch Paper Abercrombie Fitch is an apparel lifestyle brand that repositioned itself with new management from an outdoor sporting good brand in 1992. They now sell fashion-oriented casual apparel having an East Coast heritage subsequent with Ivy League traditions, and incorporating it as a lifestyle base intended for college students 18 to 22 years old. (Hemscott, 2006) By promoting a lifestyle which can be visually performed by cloaking oneself in the branded outer trappings associated with that lifestyle, AF has tapped into a consumer longing, a longing not merely for clothes, but for identity. This identity is marketed by its photography as strong, virile, and young masculinity paired with an athletic, tom-boyish, girl-next-door version of womanhood. (Engel, 2004) Abercrombie Fitch uses several marketing tools to attract their target customers. Their brand draws certain customers that fit the upper American lifestyles such as sophisticated, cool, attractive, fashion-conscious, influential, and trendsetters. Their promotional mix involves using sex appeal very heavily to sell its products. Theres lots of in-store marketing of visual presentation of the merchandise, music, fragrances and even the sales associates and store design are all carefully selected to represent the Adirondack style of Abercrombie Fitch. The store is furnished with canoes, large leather couches, moose heads, and dark Victorian style wood in addition there are large framed posters displayed in greyscale of the Abercrombie and Fitch models half naked in sexual suggestive poses. Some of the large flagship stores have man model with just jeans on greeting customers at the door. Thet also use print media including magazines the main advertising is print advertisements in Interview, Out, Rolling Stone and Vanity Fair costing them approximately $2 million a year. They use to have their own unique magazine/catalog, which was a big source for advertising their image, but the AF Quarterly magalog was pulled because of controversial issues regarding the contents. (Driessen, 2005) In addition Abercrombie Fitch has a website with shopping, music and picture downloads for their customers, giving them more access to the AF lifestyle. Abercrombie Fitch also maintains an extensive website on which online shopping is one small component. The site includes a listing of popular MP3 downloads, a host of other sites to which the consumer should link, access to a free email service, a preview of magazine-style feature articles to be published in the next edition of the AF Quarterly, reality-based film shorts called AF TV, as well as a collection of downloadable photos from the latest advertising campaign. The blatant linkage between clothing and lifestyle identity suggests that people who wear AF hats listen to a particular type of music, people who wear AF shirts surf these particular websites or play these particular sports, and people who wear AF cargo shorts read these specific books or watch these films. In short, in a tautological and self-reinforcing dynamic, people who wear AF apparel adopt the AF lifestyle. Hence, what is packaged, mass produced, and ready for consumption is not so much a tangible product, but a symbolic identity. (Engel, 2004) Image is everything a saying that they really take to an extreme. Abercrombie Fitch makes it easy for a customer to fall into the AF lifestyle, by providing a number of ways to identify and associate themselves with the AF brand and the lifestyle it portrays. Abercrombie Fitch relies on an image marketing strategy, making reflection, and lifestyle as core parts of their marketing. (Driessen, 2005) Sex sells, and AF are one of the co mpanies that has jumped on this band wagon. Another part of their general marketing is all the sexual exploitation that they suggested with all the posing models. This has leaded them into controversial issues over the years, but they continue to use very sexy models in sexually suggestive poses. At one point the director of advertising claimed, the only way he will change the current advertising approach is if the target market, college students, change what they want. (Edwards, 2003) This is mostly in regards to the sex and drinking that a good number of college students participate in. Abercrombie Fitch position its apparel to be elite and better than other similar brands, especially because its a lifestyle brand. Target customers live a certain lifestyle and Abercrombie Fitch becomes part of that once a customer accepts the brand and starts purchasing it regularly. Target market of college student relate in the same ways sex, college, late nights, drinking, expensive clothing, etc. and may see Abercrombie Fitch promotes these qualities so they feel welcomed into the store and eventually become familiar with the product. The atmosphere of all the retail stores is also plays a big part of how the company positions its self. How merchandise is displayed, what decorations, colors and finishes are used and even the temperature sounds and smell of a store all contribute to its atmospherics of the store image. (Cannon, Perreault, and McCarthy, 2008) Examples of these where mentioned above and are used to show that AF is a unique, more expensive store, superior lifestyle, than some of its competitors like American Eagle and Aeropostal, if you lead the life you should fit in with the appropriate cl othing; THIERS. They show the college students all of the AF lifestyle just when they browse through one of the stores. Abercrombie Fitchs integrated marketing communications could be labeled as form of self expression and lifestyle not just apparel. They maintain a counterculture image that continues to use a variety of media, including putting ads in upscale magazines, opening in suburban malls, and developing the AF Quarterly, AF catalog and AF TV. Corporate officials and employees define the Abercrombie and Fitch image in the Abercrombie and Fitch models, which are on store posters, bags, gift cards, the website, catalog, and the magalog AF Quarterly, which brought light to the sex and advertising controversy. (Driessen, 2005) Though the AF Quarterly was controversial, some claiming message to youth, was a lifestyle of semi-nudity, nudity, and promiscuity (Stroup, 2001, p. 56) so it produced the last issue in December 2003. In addition they produce commercials, which were supposed to go on cable television and on monitors in their stores. AF TV was only offered the companys website until recently. A F shrewdly understands that teens want to belong, and has captured their dollars by making sure they want to belong to the beautiful, exclusive world that the Abercrombie image projects (Reichert, 2003, p. 35 Quoted from Driessen, 2005). They have created brand personality, which is a concept that is hard for some companies to achieve. Things they did right regarding integrated marketing communication was the way they created their image and pronounce it as a lifestyle brand, making it predominate in the eyes of the target market. They use images, style, and items directly related to college students, which intern attached them to their apparel. They put their advertisements in places that college student would be see them like in malls and popular magazines. The di or and music of the stores directly influence college students and flow with their way of life. Then they invested money in the AF Quarterly and the AF catalog, shipping them directly to the customers. Even though they stopped issuing the AF Quarterly initially this was a big source of advertising and really got their name and fashion out to the target market. These techniques all proved to be profitable ways of advertising for their lifestyle brand. Things they did wrong regarding integrated marketing communication was the concept of sex in most of the advertising and the majority of whiteness they portrayed. These to issues have been a hindrance to Abercrombie Fitch. Yes the college lifestyle does have lots of sex either in their lives or around them, but its not such a classy way of selling a product. Sex sells and it did work, their product is one of the top apparel lines with teens and college students. (Victor, 2007) Because its a lifestyle brand their message really becomes sex, promiscuity, and nudity, which they could have established a slightly better outlook on life with their brand promoting something better. One of AFs latest pictures above, which was to promote the new international store in London with a picture of a male model. The company is announcing its arrival with advertisements showing a rear view of a male model, whose trousers are so low they reveal a bare behind. However, this is tame for a firm which has scandalized middle America for more than a decade with its sex and shocking approach to fashion. (Poulter, 2007) In addition to the sexual innuendo their ads and sales clerks were predominately white, which is almost racist, because all types of students go to college, not just whites. College has a mix of very diverse people, White, Hispanic, Black, Asian, etc. so they should try to appeal to all cultures instead of one type of college student. Quite a few times this has lead AF to court, one example, The lawsuit alleges that Abercrombie hires a disproportionately white sales force, favors white employees for the best positions, and discourages minorities from even applying for jobs. But lawyer and conservative talk show host Larry Elder says too often cases like these end up in court. (Safer, 2004) AF also faced employment discrimination charges in 2004. A lawsuit filed last month charges that the New Albany, Ohio, chain discriminates against blacks, Hispanics and Asians with a corporate policy that requires all sales people to exhibit an all-white A F look. (ConsumerAffairs. com, 2003) Some of their products have been offensive to other non-white college students. In 2002 they had a new line of Asian t-shirts, which made fun of them or the culture, even though they claimed this wasnt the intent. These were pulled off the shelves soon after being released in stores, because of the controversy. These are examples of racial t-shirts. (10News, 2002) Below t-shirt pictures curiosity of 10news. com/news/1405909/detail. html Improvements that could be made to Abercrombie Fitch integrated marketing communications are to create a more equal, diverse place for all college students and do a better job trying not to offend large quantities of people, including their own customers. Instead of being a place targeted mostly for white college students, they should become a little more diverse and communicate diversity through the market attracting more customers from the target market. A simple suggestion would be to have more cultures represented with the models in the large store posters, catalogs, on bags, etc. They use their merchandise as marketing throughout the store, so the products shouldnt be offensive to their customers like the t-shirts mentioned above. Being more diverse with the models the marketing will attract more college students, meaning more profit. They should change their lifestyle brand to become not just a white AF look and be a diverse AF look. More diversity more profit. To give them so credit to AF they have cast a few models and hired a few sales associates recently that are not white, that seems to be the first step, so maybe they are learning theres more than just white people in America.

Biography of Frederick the Great, King of Prussia

Biography of Frederick the Great, King of Prussia Born in 1712, Frederick William II, known as Frederick the Great, was the third Hohenzollern King of Prussia. Although Prussia had been an influential and important part of the Holy Roman Empire for centuries, under Frederick’s rule the small kingdom rose to the status of a Great European Power and had a lasting effect on European politics in general and Germany specifically. Frederick’s influence casts a long shadow over culture, the philosophy of government, and military history. He is one of the most important European leaders in history, a long-reigning king whose personal beliefs and attitudes shaped the modern world. Fast Facts: Frederick the Great Also Known As:  Frederick William II;  Friedrich (Hohenzollern) von PreußenBorn:  January 24, 1712 in  Berlin, GermanyDied:  August 17, 1786 in  Potsdam, GermanyParents: Frederick William I,  Sophia Dorothea of HanoverDynasty: House of HohenzollernSpouse:  Austrian Duchess Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Bevern  Ruled: Portions of Prussia  1740-1772; all of Prussia 1772-1786Legacy: Transformed Germany into a world power; modernized the legal system; and promoted freedom of the press, religious tolerance, and the rights of citizens. Early Years Frederick was born into the House of Hohenzollern, a major German dynasty. Hohenzollerns became kings, dukes, and emperors in the region from the establishment of the dynasty in the 11th century until the overthrow of the German aristocracy in the wake of World War I in 1918. Frederick’s father, King Frederick William I, was an enthusiastic soldier-king who  worked to build up Prussia’s army, ensuring that when Frederick assumed the throne he would have an outsize military force. In fact, when Frederick ascended to the throne in 1740, he inherited an army of 80,000 men, a remarkably large force for such a small kingdom. This military power allowed Frederick to have a proportionately outsize influence on European history. As a youth, Frederick showed little interest in military matters, preferring poetry and philosophy- subjects he studied in secret because his father disapproved; in fact, Frederick was often beaten and berated by his father for his interests. When Frederick was 18 years old, he formed a passionate attachment to an army officer named Hans Hermann von Katte. Frederick was miserable under the authority of his harsh father, and planned to escape to Great Britain, where his maternal grandfather was King George I, and he invited Katte to join him. When their plot was discovered, King Frederick William threatened to charge Frederick with treason and strip him of his status as Crown Prince, and then had Katte executed in front of his son. In 1733, Frederick married an Austrian Duchess Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Bevern. It was a political marriage that Frederick resented; at one point he threatened to commit suicide before relenting and going through with the marriage as ordered by his father. This planted a seed of anti-Austrian sentiment in Frederick; he believed that Austria, long Prussia’s rival for influence in the crumbling Holy Roman Empire, was meddlesome and dangerous. This attitude would prove to have long-lasting  implications for the future of Germany and Europe. King in Prussia and Military Successes Frederick assumed the throne in 1740 after the death of his father. He was officially known as King in Prussia, not King of Prussia, because he only inherited a portion of what was traditionally known as Prussia- the lands and titles he assumed in 1740 were actually a series of small areas often separated by large areas not under his control. Over the next thirty-two years, Frederick would use the military prowess of the Prussian Army and his own strategic and political genius to reclaim the entirely of Prussia, finally declaring himself King of Prussia in 1772 after decades of warfare. Frederick inherited an army that was not only large, it had also been shaped into the premier fighting force in Europe at the time by his military-minded father. With the goal of a united Prussia, Frederick lost little time plunging Europe into war. War of the Austrian Succession. Frederick’s first move was to challenge the ascension of Maria Theresa as the head of the House of Hapsburg, including the title of Holy Roman Empress. Despite being female and thus traditionally ineligible for the position, Maria Theresa’s legal claims were rooted in legal work laid down by her father, who was determined to keep the Hapsburg lands and power in the family hands. Frederick refused to acknowledge Maria Theresa’s legitimacy, and used this as an excuse to occupy the province of Silesia. He had a minor claim to the province, but it was officially Austrian. With France as a powerful ally, Frederick fought for the next five years, using his well-trained professional army brilliantly and defeating the Austrians in 1745, securing his claim to Silesia. The Seven Years War. In 1756 Frederick once again surprised the world with his  occupation of Saxony, which was officially neutral. Frederick acted in response to a political environment that saw many of the European powers arrayed against him; he suspected his enemies would move against him and so acted first, but miscalculated and was nearly destroyed. He managed to fight the Austrians well enough to force a peace treaty that returned the borders to their 1756 status. Although Frederick had failed to retain Saxony, he did hold onto Silesia, which was remarkable considering he’d come very close to losing the war outright. Partition of Poland. Frederick had a low opinion of the Polish people and wished to take Poland for himself in order to exploit it economically, with the ultimate goal of driving out the Polish people and replacing them with Prussians. Over the course of several wars, Frederick used propaganda, military victories, and diplomacy to eventually seize large portions of Poland, expanding and linking his holdings and increasing Prussian influence and power. Spirituality, Sexuality, Artistry, and Racism Frederick was almost certainly gay, and, remarkably, was very open about his sexuality after his ascension to the throne, retreating to his estate in Potsdam where he conducted several affairs with male officers and his own valet, writing erotic poetry celebrating the male form and commissioning many sculptures and other works of art with distinct homoerotic themes. Although officially pious and supportive of religion (and tolerant, allowing a Catholic church to be built in officially protestant Berlin in the 1740s), Frederick was privately dismissive of all religion, referring to Christianity in general as an â€Å"odd metaphysical fiction.† He was also almost shockingly racist, especially towards the Poles, who he regarded as almost subhuman and undeserving of respect, referring to them privately as â€Å"trash,† â€Å"vile,† and â€Å"dirty.† A man of many facets, Frederick was also a supporter of the arts, commissioning buildings, paintings, literature, and music. He played the flute extremely well and composed many pieces for that instrument, and wrote voluminously in French, despising the German language and preferring French for his artistic expressions. A devotee of the principles of the Enlightenment, Frederick attempted to portray himself as a benevolent tyrant, a man who brooked no argument with his authority but who could be relied on to better the lives of his people. Despite believing German culture in general to be inferior to that of France or Italy, he worked to elevate  it, establishing a German Royal Society to promote German language and culture, and under his rule Berlin became a major cultural center of Europe. Death and Legacy Although most often remembered as a warrior, Frederick actually lost more battles than he won, and was often saved by political events outside his control- and the unparalleled excellence of the Prussian Army. While he was undoubtedly brilliant as a tactician and strategist, his main impact in military terms was the transformation of the Prussian Army into an outsize force that should have been beyond the capability of Prussia to support due to its relatively small size. It was often said that instead of Prussia being a country with an army, it was an army with a country; by the end of his reign Prussian society was largely dedicated to staffing, supplying, and training the army. Frederick’s military successes and expansion of Prussian power led indirectly to the establishment of the German Empire in the late 19th century (through the efforts of Otto von Bismarck), and thus in some ways to the two World Wars and the rise of Nazi Germany. Without Frederick, Germany might never have become a world power. Frederick was as transformative of Prussian society as he was the military and Europe’s borders. He reformed the government along a model based on King Louis XIV of France, with power centered on himself while he stayed away from the capital. He codified and modernized the legal system, promoted freedom of the press and religious tolerance, and was an icon of the same Enlightenment principles that inspired the American Revolution. He is remembered today as a brilliant leader who promoted modern concepts of the rights of citizens while exercising old-fashioned autocratic power in a form of â€Å"enlightened despotism.† Sources ​Domà ­nguez, M. (2017, March). What’s So Great About Frederick? The Warrior King of Prussia. Retrieved March 29, 2018.Mansel, P. (2015, October 3). Atheist and gay, Frederick the Great was more radical than most leaders today. Retrieved March 29, 2018.How keeping it in the family spelled the end of the line for the Hapsburg royal dynasty. (2009, April 15). Retrieved March 15, 2018.Frederick William I of Prussia, The Soldier King | About ... (n.d.). Retrieved March 29, 2018.â€Å"Frederick William II of Prussia.†Ã‚  Wikipedia.

Budgeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Budgeting - Essay Example Budgets are not always made for a fixed period, some budgets are created by adding a few more months to ensure that the total tenure for which the budget has been made spans over a total of twelve months. Another type of such estimation is known as a forecast. A forecast is a budget that modifies in the middle of the year to make a new/mini budget which is for a period of 3 months or 6 months. By making a budget, a company gets the following advantages: It ensures that the resources are being used in conformity with the goals of the company. It ensures that there are proper controls over the use of resources. It can help in ensuring that the departments of the company are engaged constructively with each other. It acts as a way of evaluating the performance of managers of the company - by comparing their achievements with the budgeted performance (Collier, 2010). Budget Cycle: In a budget cycle, a budget is first planned and then performances are controlled on its basis. In this proc ess, a plan is first developed to manage the finances of the company. This plan is then made the benchmark against which the performance is compared. If the performance is below the budgets estimations, reasons for deviation are found out and measures are taken to ensure that the work performed conforms to the standard set in the budget. Working with the Budget throughout the Budget Cycle As the person in charge of the department of finance, it is obvious that you are going to be a part of every step that is taken when the budgets are prepared. These steps include the following: 1. Planning and Development Planning and development is the first step of the budget cycle. When budgets are made, people involved in the preparation consider the present financial situation to make future estimations; they do not disregard the previous historic data relating to the product or departments. To ensure that the budgets are as accurate as possible, they encourage the people who are involved in t he daily financial dealings of the products to give their inputs. This is because these people are the specialists of the products they work with every day; thus, they will be able to give a better idea of the estimated revenue, expenses, etc. 2. Implementation After a budget has been prepared and loaded into the finance system, it is now the time to implement it. However, before the implementation stage is started, it is imperative to ensure that the correct budget has been loaded. In case of any kind of an ambiguity, it is always advisable to get in touch with a professional accountant. 3. Monitoring a. Revenue and Expense Statement Detail In order to ensure that each fund has its FOPPS, the report that shows the entire details of the expenses incurred and revenue earned is required to be reconciled on a monthly basis. i. All the amounts for expenses incurred during the year, transfers made and revenue earned must be compared with the original document on the basis of which the en try was made and the transaction went through. ii. Once the mistakes are identified, they must be removed as soon as possible. b. Revenue and Expense Statement Summary To make sure that the company has a full control over the operations going on, the statement that shows the summary of the revenue earned and expenses incurred is required to be seen monthly. i. The actual amounts of expenses incurred

Monopoly and Oligopoly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Monopoly and Oligopoly - Essay Example Another feature of oligopoly is that the actions of another firm largely affect the other firms. It means that the success of another firm depends on the action of another firm. Oligopolies would want to know what other firms have availed in the market. For example, McDonalds will keep monitoring what Wendy’s have made available in the market. Oligopolistic market also has a bit of a barrier for entry to the market but not like monopoly market structure. Conversely, monopoly is characterized by the products differentiation. This means that the firm produces a product that is unique. This means that there is no close substitute for the product. Monopoly operates as a single seller in the market; it is a firm that provides most of the supplies in the market. Bookstores in campuses are some examples of monopolies. Unlike perfect competition, the kind of market that monopoly operates is not easy to enter due to quite a number of barriers for entry such as legal barriers (Tucker, 2010). A natural monopoly is where by one firm stands out as a primary supplier despite the presence of other firms. In this industry, it is advantageous for production to be concentrated on this major firm rather than contested competitively. Natural monopolies are mostly public utilities. The legality of these natural monopolies is based on the fact that it is economically sensible to have them. That is the cost of production of goods and services, for example power, by these monopolies, are very high such that it is economically sufficient if only one company produces it. The government however regulates the operation of the two monopolies. This information shows why ‘natural’ monopolies are legal and other monopolies illegal (Hirschey, 2008). Laissez-faire is seen as an economic-policy doctrine. This doctrine opposes government interference in business other than the minimum functions of ensuring peace,

Studying Abroad VS Locally Essay Example for Free

Studying Abroad VS Locally Essay Will the difference make a huge impact on career path? FOR a very long time, studying abroad was an option purely for the deep-pocketed elite. Apart from the cost factor, many families chose to send their kids overseas because of the cultural wealth and better job prospects that came with it. Fast forward to today, many still choose to send their children overseas to pursue their education. Thanks to rising affluence, more families are able to send their kids abroad. But are the benefits of studying some thousands of miles away versus just down the street so drastic that it’s really going to make a huge impact on one’s career path? Studying abroad The main issue to consider when studying abroad is that it requires more financial support and planning. Lee, a 30-year old information technology graduate from the United States admits that the biggest issue about studying overseas is the cost. â€Å"Studying overseas can be really expensive. Accommodation and food is denominated in a currency that’s probably higher than ours. Furthermore, most countries do not allow foreign students to work, so you need to have money before you arrive in the country or have someone from home supporting you. â€Å"However, having a foreign qualification helps to make your resume stand out compared with the rest,† he says. Dinesh Kanavaji, 31, is a practising lawyer in Malaysia who studied law in Britain in the late 90s. His two-year course cost him about  £15,000 a year or about RM90,000 annually given the high exchange rate at the time. â€Å"At the time, the tuition fees cost about  £10,000 annually. Accommodation and food cost about  £4,000 or so, this of course, provided that you lived at a campus hostel rather than elsewhere. â€Å"Ultimately, it was a character-building experience, having to be able to live, cook and travel on your own,† he says, adding that studying abroad also provides a unique opportunity for language and cultural immersion. Dinesh also feels that the standard of education offered overseas is higher. â€Å"The standard is higher over there. The lecturers are experienced and well trained, comprising doctors and professors that have written a few books. Many of the lecturers locally are quite young.† He also says the education in Malaysia (as far as law was concerned) was very academically-driven. â€Å"In Britain, they make you work and  figure things out for yourself, creating a heightened level of maturity.† Studying locally Dinesh’s wife Melissa Ram, 32, studied her Bachelor of Jurisprudence degree in law entirely in Malaysia and is quick to admit the cost benefits of studying locally. Compared with Dinesh, her four-year course (plus one year of A-Levels) cost just RM20,000. â€Å"It probably would have cost me three times more if I had studied overseas. â€Å"Also, you don’t have to worry about getting home-sick and can meet up with your friends any time,† she says. Melissa however admits that the level of education in Malaysia (especially in law) was not up to par with the standard offered overseas. â€Å"I participated in a legal workshop that was conducted by solicitors from London and could immediately feel that the quality of their training was far superior.† She says law degree graduates in Britain that studied for the bar exam (which qualifies a person to practice law) were subjected to hands-on training while the Malaysian equivalent of the bar, the CLP (Certificate in Legal Practice), is purely academic in nature. â€Å"Those who do get the opportunity to study overseas should go,† Melissa says. Chan, 29, a local engineering graduate, says studying locally provided him with flexibility to do whatever he wanted during semester breaks. â€Å"During your semester breaks, you can find good temporary employment at places such as McDonalds or a shopping complex for instance without the need to worry about work permits or the language. He adds that food is also cheap and abundant in Malaysia compared with many other countries. Who do the employers prefer? Malaysian Employers Federation executive director Shamsudin Bardan says there is generally a preference for foreign graduates by employers. â€Å"It’s because foreign graduates are more proficient in English and have better thinking skills. They are more mature and independent than local graduates. â€Å"In terms of qualification or technical ability, there’s not much difference (with local graduates). However, when it comes to soft skills, foreign graduates have the advantage,† he says. A spokesman from the Malaysian Institute of Human Resource Management also concurs that there is a preference for foreign graduates. â€Å"Multinationals, especially, are more keen to hire foreign graduates because they carry themselves better. They speak well and  with confidence during the interview. â€Å"Local graduates (who are more weak in terms of soft skills) don’t express themselves well enough in front of the interviewer, who would think that the interviewee is just not prepared for the job.† He also says that there is a general perception that the standard of Malaysian education is more inferior when compared to the standards in other countries. â€Å"A lot of people have criticised the standard of our education, which has clouded the minds the way that employers think. The environment has to change. People and politicians should change this perception.†

A Puzzle of Sovereignity :: Government Politics Essays

A Puzzle of Sovereignity ABSTRACT: National sovereignty presents a puzzle. On the one hand, this notion continues to figure importantly in our descriptions of global political change. On the other hand, factors such as the accelerating pace of international economic integration seem to have made the notion anachronistic. This paper is an attempt to resolve this puzzle. Distinguishing between internal sovereignty or supremacy and external sovereignty or independence, I investigate whether some insights from the discussion of the former can be applied to our puzzle concerning the latter. One response to the objection that the notion of internal sovereignty is inapplicable because no group in society holds unlimited political power is to distinguish between different types of internal sovereignty, such as legal and electoral sovereignty. The resolution of the puzzle lies in applying this response strategy to the objection that the notion of external sovereignty is inapplicable because no state is completely ind ependent. The subject of national sovereignty presents a puzzle. On the one hand, the notion of the sovereignty of the state figures importantly in our descriptions of, and our prescriptions for, global political change. (1) For example, a natural characterization of the political changes in Eastern Europe and Central Asia preceding and following the demise of the Soviet Union is that a number of national political communities have vigorously asserted, sometimes by force of arms, claims to national sovereignty. Against this is the claim that, as a result of the contemporary realities of global affairs, national sovereignty has become irrelevant, an anachronistic notion. According to this view, there is a variety of factors which, especially in the past several decades, have drained states of their sovereignty by depriving them of the ability to protect themselves and their citizens from the negative effects of the actions of other states or outside groups. The most important of these factors a re the accelerating pace of global economic integration and the increasingly wide-spread and detrimental human impact on the environment. While states have attempted to respond to this threat to their sovereignty by entering into mutual agreements in an attempt to mitigate or control the negative pressures from outside of their borders, the agreements themselves seem to represent a loss of sovereignty. Because they involve the states' binding themselves in various ways, and hence partially losing control of their own future actions, international agreements appear to exchange one form of constraint for another.

Anwar Sadat and Margaret Atwood

Practice Essay These two speeches through their enduring power of intellectual and artistic qualities connected and compelled their audiences to reassess and challenge the message within their speeches. â€Å"Statement to the Knesset† (1977) by Anwar Sadat, using biblical references, forces audiences to see and envisage the wonders of his unified narrative for social, cultural and political change.Throughout the speech â€Å"Statement to the Knesset† (1997) by Anwar Sadat, his themes and ideas can be seen through his enduring power and artistic qualities, and his audiences are emotionally and intellectually engaged and thus more responsive to Sadat’s deliverance of their own views on their beliefs and aspirations. â€Å"Spotty-Handed Villainesses† (1994) by Margaret Atwood, using subversive irony and humour, forces her audiences to deconstruct the deception of ‘evil’ women within literature and with her enduring power engages her audiences in cries for the dismantling of social gender roles.The speeches set for study mould responders into co-authors whereby being engaged by the speeches enduring power of their intellectual and artistic qualities, and their audiences embrace the speeches worthy messages. Thus both speeches continue to be valid in the present day. Atwood discusses the relationship between literature and reality – in literature there is a requirement that ‘something else has to happen’ in the form of the plot, climax and resolution to engage the text. In reality we are happy with a ‘kind of eternal breakfast’ and we ask for nothing to really happen. In life we may ask for nothing more than a kind of eternal breakfast†. Yet, this doesn’t mean that literature is merely art divorced from real life. Atwood believes that the gender cross over and revolution in literature is a direct result in the recent history of the women’s movement. Thus by the enduring pow er of Atwood’s intellectual and artistic qualities, Atwood compares the relationship between literature and reality. Atwood then considers the women’s movement. Atwood welcomes the freedom to show different sorts of female behaviour and sees the feminist movement as beneficial, such as ‘the way power works in gender relations’. Isn’t bad behaviour supposed to be the monopoly of men? † Atwood is saying that these extreme feminists suggest that the ownership of bad behaviour in literature is for men only, not women. Therefore Atwood’s enduring power advises her audiences to look at what women are being perceived as through the women’s movement. Atwood criticises extreme feminists. Who show a tendency ‘to polarise morality by gender-that is, women were essentially good and men bad’. Novelists are seen as anti-feminist if women are cast as villainesses. Why should bad behaviour be ‘reserved’ for men? † Atwood sees bad behaviour as written in literature as socially realistic. Thus by Atwood’s intellectual and artistic qualities, she put-forth to her audiences how extreme feminists are stating that in literature women are meant to be perceived as good characters. Atwood questions how characters in novels should behave. The fact that audiences expect the male characters in Atwood’s novels should be stronger and that female characters are expected to be deprived of their free will, as in, the patriarchy made her do it.Atwood mockingly asserts â€Å"This is which should more properly be taken up with God†. Atwood explains that after all he was the one who created Adam who ‘sacrificed eternal life for an apple’. A female character could think the unthinkable and say the unsayable, however, according to the new moral thermometer of the times, it would be considered good and that the women who did them were praiseworthy. And so using the enduring power o f intellectual and artistic qualities, Atwood reveals her point of view of how male and female characters in novels should behave.Atwood negates this viewpoint with an overview of wicked women. As shown in the world’s literature, claiming wicked women exist in real life, so they have a place in literature. Atwood explains to her audiences some of the numerous bad female literary characters she knows of. Atwood points out that â€Å"there are bad women who do bad things for bad reasons, good women who do good things for good reasons, good women who do bad things for good reasons, bad women who do bad things for good reasons, and so forth†. Atwood gives xamples such as the Queen from Snow White and Lady Macbeth from Shakespeare’s play Macbeth and explains how that character portrays a wicked woman. Thus Atwood clarifies how wicked women are perceived in literature using the enduring power of her intellectual and artistic qualities. Sadat’s bid was to save h is Egyptian people and the entire Arab Nation from war. The main duty dictated by his responsibility is to exhaust all and every means in a bid to save his Egyptian Arab people and the entire Arab Nation of the horrors of new, shocking and destructive wars, which are, as Sadat says, foreseen by no other than God himself. I was convinced that the obligation of responsibility before God, and before the people, that I would go to the farthest corner of the world to address the Members of the Knesset†. Sadat is saying that he would do anything possible to address the Members of the Knesset, the representatives of the people of Israel, and Sadat would acquaint them with all the facts surging inside of him. And through his enduring power of his intellectual and artistic qualities Sadat shows his audiences what he is willing to do, to save his Egyptian people and the entire Arab Nation.The shock value of Sadat taking the initiative is partly why his mission had such diplomatic effect and change. When Sadat announced his decision to the entire world before the Egyptians people’s assembly, majority of the people were surprised and amazed. Some, gripped by the violent surprise, believed that Sadat’s decision was no more than â€Å"verbal juggling to cater for world public opinion†. Yet, other still interpreted it as political tactics to camouflage Sadat’s intention of launching a new war. But in the end Sadat’s speech had been successful and the wars between the Egyptian people and the Arab people had stopped.Therefore through Sadat’s long lasting rhetorical questions and themes and ideas he tells his audiences how his decision affected and changed the world. Sadat believes a landmark change of course is needed and the governments must arise above all forms of fanaticism and value life. Sadat believes that they must all rise above all forms of fanaticism, self-deception and obsolete theories of superiority. â€Å"The fami lies are still moaning under the cruel pain of widowhood and bereavement of sons, fathers and brothers†.Sadat using his enduring power of intellectual and artistic qualities he explains to his audiences that he truly believes that instead of worrying about the wars and the disagreements, they should all be more concerned about their people and how they are still grieving over their family members. Thus through Sadat’s intellectual and artistic qualities, he informs his audiences the reasons behind why there is a need for change. Sadat wanted a peace based on justice in the entire region, not just between Egypt and Israel. He states that there can be no peace without Palestine.Sadat said that that he and his people â€Å"do not want to encircle you or be encircled ourselves by destructive missiles ready for launching, nor by the shells of grudges and hatred†. Using his repetition of â€Å"a permanent peace based on justice† Sadat explained to his audiences that the Egyptians truly seek peace, and welcome the Israelis to live among them in peace and security. So, through the use of Sadat’s enduring power of his intellectual and artistic qualities, he shows his reason for wanting a peace based on justice between their entire region.In the conclusion of his speech, Sadat asks for partnership in the formation of a ‘peace agreement in Geneva’. Sadat explained the details of the partnership using enumeration. He summed it up to make five points. â€Å"Third: the right of all states in the area to live in peace within their boundaries†. Through his use of intellectual and artistic qualities, Sadat is telling his audiences that if this peace agreement is approved, he will make sure that everyone would be able to lie safely and in peace.In conclusion I believe that both speeches by, Anwar Sadat and Margaret Atwood, through their enduing power of intellectual and artistic qualities, and in much detail have given their audiences an enormous amount of information about their topics. Atwood proved to us that in literature, women can be either the good or bad character, because men are not always the bad person. And that people should overcome the idea of men being portrayed as bas characters all the time. Sadat similarly told his audiences that the Egyptian and the Israeli people can overcome the differences between them and start a permanent peace based on justice.

Early Childhood Essay

Every child is unique in terms of life experiences, developmental readiness, and cultural heritage. A high quality early childhood program should provides a safe and nurturing environment, which promotes physical, social, emotional, language and cognitive development will ensure a positive continuation of the child’s education process. Kindergarten for children is very important. Most parents and children are excited about this stage in life for their child, as well as children might be a scared or nervous. Kindergartens are still mastering new physical skills. They are more able to move their body the way they wants to and, most likely, can run like the wind. Throughout the year kindergarten children will show a number of new physical skills, some are more important than others to help make her kindergarten year a highly successful learning experience. Kindergarten is the year to get used to the routine of school, and the idea of being accountable to a new authority figure and to make new friends, but it’s a crucial year to build the foundation for learning. Kindergarten learns differently, some may learn hands on, or visual. Kindergarten are at the most important stage in life so it is up to the educators to make a difference that can help them in the long so they are able to reach the next grade level as well as overcome any milestones that they may reach throughout their education. First, the classroom is loving, kind, caring, sharing, and motherly to all the children just like my own. The way I envision my classroom is that as you walk in the door you see art and picture of children playing and eating and doing different thing that supports the area such as dramatic play would be children in doctor jackets or something in that nature. The classroom has warm colors around it for each season. Each area of the classroom would be label with such as blocks would be block area, art, dramatic play, water area, science, literacy, etc. The children cubbies are label with their name and picture so they are able to recognize themselves. The library has age appropriate books for the children. The classroom should off the children art and learning. If there is a theme in the classroom the room will represent that specific theme. Each child is at a table that is color coded that will identify each table as a group, each table seats about 3-4 students depending on the class size. Each child has a portfolio so children are able to see their progress throughout the year. The classroom is based on play and material and the children have a teacher child relationship. While planning the curriculum I will provide free play that will allow children their individually time to choose an area of involvement (Eliason, Jenkins 2012). An effective curriculum children should be active and engaged, the goals are clear and shared by all, evidence based, the valued content is learned through investigation, play, and focused, intentional teaching (Eliason, Jenkins 2012). The curriculum builds on prior learning and experiences and is comprehensive and most important benefit the needs of the children (Eliason, Jenkins 2012). Curriculum should be planned around the developmental needs of the children in my classroom (Eliason, Jenkins 2012). Curriculum will builds upon what children already know and are able to do to enable them to connect new concepts and skills. The National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) urges that as a teacher my curriculum is thoughtfully planned, challenging, engaging, developmentally appropriate, culturally and linguistically responsive, comprehensive and likely to promote positive outcome for all children (Eliason, Jenkins 2012). While planning the curriculum I will provide free play that will allow children their individually time to choose an area of involvement (Eliason, Jenkins 2012). The experiences should be developed to help the young children in the classroom to help improve their skills in problem solving, thinking, reasoning, and creating (Eliason, Jenkins 2012). The National Association for the Education of Young Children states that high quality, developmentally appropriate programs should be available for all children. A separate statement of the NAEYC divides the concept of appropriateness into two aspects: age appropriateness and individual appropriateness. Philosophies that reflect how I envision my classroom and curriculum are Friedrich Froebel. Friedrich Froebel was a German educator of the nineteenth century who developed an Idealist philosophy of early childhood education. He established kindergarten and education for four and five-year-old children. Kindergarten is now a part of education worldwide. Friedrich Froebel was born in the small town of Oberwiessbach, Germany in 1782. His mother died when he was a baby (Froebel, 2011). His father remarried, but Froebel never liked his stepmother. His feeling of rejection and isolation remained with him for life. This had a strong effect on his theory of early childhood education. He believed the kindergarten teacher should be loving, kind and motherly (Froebel, 2011). Froebel studied at the University of Jena for a short time. In 1805, while studying architecture in Frankfurt, he was persuaded to become a teacher by the model school at Frankfurt. Friedrich Froebel changed the way we think about early childhood education. He designed balls, wooden blocks, tiles, sticks and rings to demonstrate that children learn by playing. Known around the world as the Froebel Gifts , these objects were an important part of his Kindergarten (Froebel, 2011). Froebel also included in his kindergarten philosophy the study and nuture of plants in a garden for stimulating children’s interest in nature. He felt it was important for children to grow up in harmony with nature. The Froebel Gifts have been widely imitated and adapted by educators and toys makers. Because of Froebel my classroom will have the right material to that I am able to teach my children with the right material so they can play and learn at the same time. He felt that the teacher should be loving caring and motherly and I feel that I am that way in the classroom as well. â€Å"Treat peoples how you want to be treated† and that’s how I feel as a teacher. Treat other children how I would want my children to be treated. Having that motherly character can also make it easier for a child to be more comfortable in the classroom especially if it the first time being away from the parents. Being that Froebel knew what it was like losing his mother and not liking his stepmother he knew what it was like to feel neglect and isolated so he incorporated that in with teaching and realized that no child should ever feel that way. Froebel’s kindergarten used free play, games, songs, stories, and crafts to stimulate imagination while developing physical and motor skill. In most classrooms free play is welcomed as well as games, stories, songs, and craft that will encourage children motor skills as well as solving problems. The kindergarten program was designed to meet children’s needs for physical activity, sensory awareness, creative expression, exploration of ideas and concepts, the pleasure of singing, and the experience of living among others. His educational approach was for â€Å"self-activity,† the idea that allowed the child to be led by his own interests and to freely explore them. Children are more independent and they want to explore new things on their own. Children become aware of numbers early in life, because of daily experience involve various use of numbers. Math is more than learning about numbers and how to add, subtract multiply and divide (Eliason, Jenkins 2012). The National Council for Teachers of Mathematics suggests 10 curriculum standards. The standards provide a guide in mathematics curriculum planning ; content standard are numbers and operation, algebra, geometry, measurements, and data analysis and probability. The process standards are problem solving reasoning and proof, communication, connection and representation (Eliason, Jenkins 2012). The standard gives an overview of math content and process for prekindergarten through the second grade(Eliason, Jenkins 2012). While teaching math to the children I will also incorporate promotes such as blocks, legos, cheerios, etc so that the children are able to see what they are doing visually . At the end of the year children will be able to understands one-to-one correspondence, sorts and classifies objects according to common characteristics, recognize and create patterns. (e.g. red, blue, red, blue or boy, girl, boy, girl), understand simple bar graphs and interpret how they help us gather information, count to 100, identify and print numbers 1-20, identify and draw basic shapes such as rectangle, square, circle and triangle. Reading is a communicative art that involves recognizing and understanding words(Eliason, Jenkins 2012). Children cannot read with understanding and comprehension something they don’t have the background knowledge about. Learning to read takes time, patience, desire, and readiness (Eliason, Jenkins 2012). Kindergarten is a year of discovery in reading and literacy. Child will learn to recognize simple words in print, including his own name and those of his classmates. Letter-sound correspondence, phonemic awareness, sight words recognition, rhyming and words families and concepts about print are the areas in which your child will expand his knowledge this year. By the end of the year some kindergartners will even be reading a little bit. Kindergarten science explores topics that are meaningful to students and can be applied to everyday life. Children will learn about good health habits, including nutrition and an introduction to dental hygiene. Children will spend time learning the process of inquiry as we learn about the five senses. Children will be able to collect information , observation, and data record information while exploring science projects. We will observe outside, take field trips, walks, and be able to talk about what we see. We will explore cause and effect. Science will be integrated into everyday activities including cooking projects Fine Arts are any art form. For example, painting, sculpture, architecture, drawing, or engraving that is considered to have purely aesthetic value (Encarta, 2004). The arts can open the minds of students in ways mere reading and writing will never be able to accomplish. Teaching through arts helps students experience concepts rather than simply discussing or reading it or have it read to them. This approach is consistent with educational theories that highlight the importance of reaching multiple learning styles or intelligences (Jacobs, 1999, p. 2). By working through the arts, instead of about the arts, the students’ educational experience will be achieved in a different way than just teaching the standard style of learning. Education of art helps students develop creativity, self-expression, analytical skills, discipline, cross-cultural understandings, and a heightened appreciation for the arts† and that â€Å"students who develop artistic expression and creative problem solving skills are more like to succeed in school. An activity that I would teach would be fine art such would be painting. Friedrich Froebel, the father of kindergarten, believed that young children should be involved in both making their own art and enjoying the art of others. Children will have a sheet of paper and would be able to pick two different colors out of four. I would allow them to chose if they want to finger paint, or use a paint brush. Once children have made their decision they would be able to self express.. Washington state standard for Art is through dance, music, theatre, and visual arts provide detailed recommendations and guidance for K–12 arts education. These documents include: Washington State K–12 Arts Learning Standards (one document encompassing all four arts disciplines—dance, music, theatre, and visual arts). Another activity would be science. We would see how long it takes an ice cube to melt. The Washington State K-12 Science Standards is a detailed document describing what all students are expected to know and be able to do at each level of our educational system in the area of science. The purpose of these standards is to provide strong support for students, parents, teachers, and the broader community by guiding the alignment of the school curriculum, instruction, and assessment at local and state levels. To accomplish this purpose it is essential to use this document in the following ways: Those responsible for curriculum alignment should refer to this document in selecting or developing instructional materials that enable students to acquire core conceptual knowledge and abilities in science. Those responsible for assessment alignment at the local and state levels should refer to this document in selecting and/or developing assessment tools and rubrics that measure student achievement of the core content in these standards. Those responsible for instructional alignment should refer to this document in designing classroom instruction and professional development of teachers to ensure that achieving these core content standards is a priority. It is also important to point out what the standards. In conclusion early childhood program should provides a safe and nurturing environment, which promotes physical, social, emotional, language and cognitive development will ensure a positive continuation of the child’s education process. References. â€Å"Friedrich Froebel (1782-1852) – Biography, Froebel’s Kindergarten Philosophy, The Kindergarten Curriculum, Diffusion of the Kindergarten. † Education Encyclopedia. StateUniversity. com. < http://education. stateuniversity. com/pages/1999/Froebel-Friedrich-1782-1852. html > 21 Dec. 2010. Froebel. (2011, April 04). † Education Encyclopedia. StateUniversity. com. < http://education. stateuniversity. com/pages/1999/Froebel-Friedrich-1782-1852. html > 21 Dec. 2010. Eliason, C. F. , Jenkins, L. (2012). A practical guide to early childhood curriculum (9th ed. ). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. Cluff, D. (2005, October 6). The Importance of Fine Arts in the Classroom. Retrieved October 1, 2012, from http://ezinearticles. com/? The-Importance-of-Fine-Arts-in-the-Classroom&id=80061.

Converting Angstroms to Nanometers Example Problem

Converting Angstroms to Nanometers Example Problem This example problem demonstrates how to convert angstroms to nanometers. Angstroms (Ã…) and nanometers (nm) are both linear measurements used to express extremely small distances. Problem The spectra of the element mercury have a bright green line with a wavelength of 5460.47 Ã…. What is the wavelength of this light in nanometers? Solution 1 Ã… 10-10 m1 nm 10-9 mSet up the conversion so the desired unit will be canceled out. In this case, we want nanometers to be the remaining unit.wavelength in nm (wavelength in Ã…) x (10-10 m/1 Ã…) x (1 nm/10-9 m)wavelength in nm (wavelength in Ã…) x (10-10/10-9 nm/Ã…)wavelength in nm (wavelength in Ã…) x (10-1) nm/Ã…)wavelength in nm (5460.47/10) nmwavelength in nm 546.047 nm​ Answer The green line in mercurys  spectra has a wavelength of 546.047 nm. It may be easier to remember there are 10 angstroms in 1 nanometer. This would mean that 1 angstrom is a tenth of a nanometer and a conversion from angstroms to nanometers would mean moving the decimal place one position to the left. Remember to check your significant figures when reporting measurements. In science, even if you do the calculation correctly, your answer is technically incorrect if not reported using significant digits.

Alkali Metal Definition (Chemistry)

Alkali Metal Definition (Chemistry) An alkali metal is any of the elements found in Group IA of the periodic table  (the first column). Alkali metals are very reactive chemical species which readily lose their one valence electron to form ionic compounds with nonmetals. All elements in the alkali metal group occur in nature. List of Alkali Metals The alkali metals are: Lithium  (Li)Sodium (Na)Potassium  (K)Rubidium (Rb)Cesium  (Cs)Francium (Fr) The IUPAC excludes hydrogen (H) as an alkali metal because it occurs as a gas under ordinary temperatures and pressures. However, hydrogen displays many of the properties associated with elements in the group and does become an alkali metal under extremely high pressure. Alkali Metal Properties The alkali metals are all soft, shiny, reactive metals. Although they are soft enough to cut with a knife, exposing a bright surface, the metals react with water and air to quickly tarnish. The pure metals are stored in an inert atmosphere or under oil to prevent oxidation. All of the metals react vigorously with water, with the energy of the reaction increasing as you move down the periodic table. None of the alkali metals exists free in nature. They are found as salts. All of the metals form crystals with the body-centered cubic structure. Sources Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

Attitudes and Behavior in Psychology Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Attitudes and Behavior in Psychology - Thesis Example   Behavioral – which deals with action towards the attitude object. This is the execution of the attitude; the means through which a third party may administer or observe what the reaction has been. It is imperative to discuss the reaction component differently, because not all initial assumptions about attitude may yield the same result. (c) Cognitive – where beliefs about the attitude object are ascertained. Any prior experiences or learned behavior in the same context is likely to influence the process of attitude formation. These beliefs are not only crucial in the context of the issue at hand, but they also become the basis and foundations for future attitude formulations. Attitudes show their effect in various ways. There are circumstances wherein a person may feel positively or negatively about a subject. At the same time, states of ‘ambivalence’ may enable a person to maintain both views simultaneously. Additional concepts in social attitude formation are also integral to the lucid understanding of the said concept. One of these involves the theory of ‘cognitive dissonance’. â€Å"It is a state that presents a state of opposition between cognitions† (Wikipedia). The primary belief that is purported by this school of thought is that conflicting ideation, emotions, and conditions force the human being to seek a condition of equilibrium, and in a way speeds up the decision making process as far as concluding upon a certain attitude is concerned. These conflicts, therefore, ironically form the way towards conflict resolution once the mind has decided upon which stance to maintain.